180 Degree Rule- |
Graphic matches | |
| Shot reverse shot Shot reverse shot is a film technique where one character is shown looking at another character off-screen, and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character. It shows their reactions. |
Cutting on action or matching on action refers to film editing and video editing techniques where the editor cuts from one shot to another view that matches the first shot's action. A common example is a man walking up to a door and reaching for the knob. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_on_action) | |
The video shows how shot selection can create a more cinematic look and feel.
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Definitions of Representation-
•By definition, media representations are re-presentations, meaning they are artificial imitations of a true reality. The principle flaw with this very concept, however, is its basic premise. If a representation is a reflection of its creator’s view, and this view is then broadcast to others, while it may be considered a fair depiction of that original source by some, it may in fact bear little genuine resemblance to the group or idea that it initially sought to convey.
The Work of Representation: (Stuart Hall)
•“Representation is an essential part of the process by which meaning is produced and exchanged between members of a culture. It does involve the use of language, of signs and images which stand for or represent things.”
Lacey’s Exemplar
•Nick Lacey argues “it must be remembered that [representations] are not created by the media, they are concepts of every day life”
•This is certainly true of fashion’s representation of the modern woman; the average female in the UK stands at five feet five and is a size sixteen dress size, yet is represented in the media and press by an elite tribe of size six, five foot ten women. This is not an issue merely on this side of the Atlantic: “The average size of the female fashion model today is 23% less than that of the average American woman” (Gard & Wright, 2005, pg.155). This misrepresentation of the female form is sown into place by an institution of fashion houses, striving for the ideal of “perfection” to align with and enhance their product (Example of representation in media)
Representations in the Media
•Images of particular groups or places across a range of media
•Possible alternative representations; representation and stereotyping
•Representation & Genre
•Representation & Wider Contexts
•Representation & the audience
•Cross cultural factors in representation
•The effect of globalisation on representation in the media
•Values and ideology underlying representations
Narratives rely on the presentation of an initial state of order, which is in some way disturbed in relation to a particular problem. Narratives, in short, have to be about change, disturbance and disorder.
Todorov's model of Narrative
- The simplest way of explaining a narrative structure in terms of philosopher Tzventan Todorov's model. (Tordorov born March 1st 1939, sofia, Bulgaria) This idea is based on 2 levels.
-A state of being which is either stable or unstable.
-A casual state of transformation from on state top another via a chain of events.
From these two levels Todorov determines five steps in the linear progression of the narrative, these steps are...
-A state of equilibrium
-A disruption of that equilibrium by some action
-A recognition that there has been a disruption
-Attempts to restore the equilibrium
-A reinstatement of the equilibrium
Narrative Structure in Little Red Riding Hood-
-Equilibrium - Packs basket to go and visit Grandmother who is unwell. Chooses to take short cut through the forest.
-Disruption - Meets the wolf on her journey and says she is off to visit Grandma.
Recognition - Wolfie tries to eat L.R.R.H.
-Attempts to restore - Lumberjack reappears, kill Wolfie.
-Reinstatement of the equilibrium -Grandma is found either in a cupboard or the wolf's stomach.
Narrative Structure in The Force Awakens-
Equilibrium- The force is unsettled and the First Order have control of the galaxy.
Disruption- Finn (storm trooper) goes against the first order and goes back to the planet they invaided to get away from the first order.
Equilibrium- The force is unsettled and the First Order have control of the galaxy.
Disruption- Finn (storm trooper) goes against the first order and goes back to the planet they invaided to get away from the first order.
The Godfather
The directer (Francis Ford Coppola) of the Godfather (1972) used sound motifs (trumpets at the start) to create tension and atmospheres for the audience.
Mis en scene- The directer has used extreme attention to detail to create a 1940's feel. The phone on the desk is a phone from the 40's and makes it feel realistic and possible. | |
Non-simultaneaus sound- sound that carries a narrative and directly linked to the screen or the action, but is not necessarily diegetic. Often used to enhance a part of a story where words/ dialog are important but the visual aspect needs life.
Synchronous sound- When sounds, often added later, perfectly match the action on screen eg a car engine roaring into life or a musician creating sound. The perfect synchronisation of sound and video.
Asynchronous sound- When the sound emanating from the video does not fit eg a woman screams but we instead hear and then see a steam train, bellowing as i leaves tunnel.
Post synchronisation dubbing- Sound that is added the editing process to create atmosphere. for example Star Wars is produced heavily in this way- there are no natural spaceship sound produced by models used, no blasters are actually used, everything is added later.
Sound- bridge- When sound from one video is extended- or bridge over to another to allow a smooth transition between the two clips.
Synchronous sound- When sounds, often added later, perfectly match the action on screen eg a car engine roaring into life or a musician creating sound. The perfect synchronisation of sound and video.
Asynchronous sound- When the sound emanating from the video does not fit eg a woman screams but we instead hear and then see a steam train, bellowing as i leaves tunnel.
Post synchronisation dubbing- Sound that is added the editing process to create atmosphere. for example Star Wars is produced heavily in this way- there are no natural spaceship sound produced by models used, no blasters are actually used, everything is added later.
Sound- bridge- When sound from one video is extended- or bridge over to another to allow a smooth transition between the two clips.
Whats the difference between a sound track and a soundscape?
Sound track- Generally commercially produced and realised pre exsisting pieces of music that offer more to a film in terms of "brand" than feeling.
Soundscape- The inclusion of all sound, ambient and incidental music, sound effects, dialogue- that is deliberately created to establish mood, tone or setting.
Sound track- Generally commercially produced and realised pre exsisting pieces of music that offer more to a film in terms of "brand" than feeling.
Soundscape- The inclusion of all sound, ambient and incidental music, sound effects, dialogue- that is deliberately created to establish mood, tone or setting.
Diegetic and Non Diegetic sound.
Diegetic- sound made and heard by actors or the source of sound can clearly be seen.
Non Diegetic- Sound is added after filming to create mood and atmosphere.
Parallel Sound
Sound that perfectly suits the scene going on.
Contrapuntal Sound-
Sound that deliberately mismatches the mood of the visual; normally used to create a Juxtaposition between two contrasting moods within film.
Diegetic- sound made and heard by actors or the source of sound can clearly be seen.
Non Diegetic- Sound is added after filming to create mood and atmosphere.
Parallel Sound
Sound that perfectly suits the scene going on.
Contrapuntal Sound-
Sound that deliberately mismatches the mood of the visual; normally used to create a Juxtaposition between two contrasting moods within film.
This example shows Contrapuntal Sound. As the man with a cut thought dances around cutting up the man with tape across his mouth there is very happy upbeat major rock and roll music playing. | |
| This is an example of Diegetic sound, the main character is aware of the female voice talking and then responds with a confused expression. |
This clip taken from Top gun gives an example of Parallel sound, the sound fits with the film and makes it a better viewing experience. | |
| The advert of Rush has examples of Non- Diegetic sound,voice overs that the characters are played and music that the characters in the scene cant hear but the audience can. |